What is Atrial Fibrillation?
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is an irregular and often rapid heart rhythm that occurs when the upper chambers of the heart (atria) beat out of sync with the lower chambers (ventricles). This irregular rhythm can lead to inefficient blood flow, increasing the risk of stroke, heart failure, and blood clots.
AFib can be classified into different types:
- Paroxysmal AFib: Episodes last for a short period (less than 7 days) and stop on their own.
- Persistent AFib: Lasts more than 7 days and often requires medical treatment to restore normal rhythm.
- Long-standing Persistent AFib: Lasts for more than a year.
- Permanent AFib: The heart remains in AFib permanently, and treatment focuses on symptom management.
Causes and Risk Factors
AFib can develop due to structural, electrical, or inflammatory issues in the heart. Common causes include:
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Increased strain on the heart can disrupt normal electrical signaling.
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Narrowed heart arteries can lead to an irregular heartbeat.
- Heart Valve Disorders: Conditions like mitral valve disease can contribute to AFib.
- Sleep Apnea: Interruptions in breathing can place stress on the heart and trigger AFib.
- Obesity: Excess weight increases the risk of heart-related issues and arrhythmias.
- Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Heavy drinking can trigger episodes of AFib.
- Thyroid Disorders: Both an overactive (hyperthyroidism) and underactive thyroid can cause heart rhythm problems.
- Genetic Predisposition: Family history can play a role in developing AFib.
- Diabetes: Poor blood sugar control increases cardiovascular risks.
Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation
Some people with AFib experience no symptoms, while others may have noticeable and distressing signs. Common symptoms include:
- Irregular or Rapid Heartbeat: A racing or skipping heartbeat sensation.
- Fatigue: Due to the heart's inefficiency in pumping blood.
- Shortness of Breath: Especially during exertion or when lying down.
- Dizziness or Fainting: Decreased blood flow can cause lightheadedness.
- Chest Discomfort: Mild to moderate chest pain or tightness may occur.
Seek emergency medical attention if symptoms worsen or include severe chest pain, extreme dizziness, or loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation
AFib is diagnosed using various cardiac tests to assess heart rhythm and function:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): A quick, painless test that detects irregular heartbeats.
- Holter Monitor: A portable ECG worn for 24-48 hours to track intermittent AFib episodes.
- Echocardiogram: Uses ultrasound to examine heart structure and detect valve issues.
- Stress Test: Evaluates heart function during physical exertion.
- Blood Tests: Check thyroid function and electrolyte imbalances.
- Event Monitor: A device worn for weeks to capture sporadic AFib episodes.
Treatment and Management
AFib management focuses on controlling heart rhythm, reducing symptoms, and preventing stroke. Treatment options include:
- Medications:
- Blood Thinners (Anticoagulants): Reduce stroke risk by preventing blood clots.
- Rate Control Drugs: Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers slow heart rate.
- Rhythm Control Medications: Help restore and maintain normal heart rhythm.
- Medical Procedures:
- Electrical Cardioversion: A controlled shock restores normal heart rhythm.
- Catheter Ablation: Uses heat or cold to destroy areas causing irregular signals.
- Pacemakers: Implanted devices that regulate slow heart rhythms.
- Maze Surgery: A surgical approach to create scar tissue that blocks erratic signals.
- Lifestyle Modifications:
- Maintaining a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Engaging in regular exercise to strengthen the heart.
- Limiting caffeine, alcohol, and smoking to prevent triggers.
- Managing stress through yoga, meditation, or breathing exercises.
- Monitoring blood pressure and controlling underlying conditions.
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